Across 288 answers from ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity, Justia (25.3%) and Bloomberg Law (24.7%) were named most, with overlapping intervals. Vault was named first most often (29 of 288). Google showed an AI Overview on 65 of 72 lookups, and SCOTUSblog led inside those overviews.
RESEARCH · Published July 20, 2026 · Updated November 1, 2026
Legal Media in AI Answers: Justia and Bloomberg Law Share the Lead
Published July 20, 2026 · Updated November 1, 2026
vs 71 of 288
73
Justia was named in 73 of 288 four-engine answers (25.3%, CI 20.7–30.7%) and Bloomberg…
of 249 answers
62
en.wikipedia.org was the most-cited domain in the four engines, with 98 occurrences in…
of 12
1
On doctrine questions the engines rarely named a tracked outlet at all. For the…
288
AI answers analyzed across ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity
25.3%
of answers named Justia, the most-named (73 of 288)
13
tracked names named at least once (of 13)
90.3%
of Google searches showed an AI Overview (65 of 72)
Version 2. This version replaces the first version of this study, first published July 20, 2026. It uses measured counts, so the two versions are not comparable. Version 2 asks 24 questions three times each on ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity (288 answers) and adds Google AI Overviews. Every rate comes with its count and a 95% interval.
What the data shows
01
73 vs 71 of 288
Justia was named in 73 of 288 four-engine answers (25.3%, CI 20.7–30.7%) and Bloomberg Law in 71 of 288 (24.7%, CI 20–29.9%). The intervals overlap, so neither one can be called the leader.
02
51/288 (17.7%)
Cornell LII appeared in 51 of 288 answers (CI 13.7–22.5%). Its interval overlaps both Justia's and Bloomberg Law's. When it was named, it came early, with an average first position of 1.7.
03
Vault 29/288
Vault was named first more often than any other tracked source, in 29 of 288 answers, with an average first position of 1.3. Most of those came from law-firm ranking questions. On 'How are law firms ranked?' it was named first in 11 of 12 answers.
04
38/249 grounded
Justia's own domain was cited in 38 of 249 grounded answers (15.3%) and Vault's in 37 of 249 (14.9%). Bloomberg Law was mentioned almost as often as Justia, but its own domain was cited in only 13 of 249 (5.2%).
05
65/72 (90.3%)
Google showed an AI Overview on 65 of 72 lookups (90.3%, CI 81.3–95.2%). Within those overviews SCOTUSblog was named most, in 14 of 65 (21.5%), followed by Cornell LII at 12 of 65 (18.5%) and Justia at 11 of 65 (16.9%).
06
62 of 249 answers
en.wikipedia.org was the most-cited domain in the four engines, with 98 occurrences in 62 of 249 grounded answers (24.9%). uscourts.gov had 40 occurrences and chambers.com had 38.
07
968/2,081 (46.5%)
Company and brand sites made up 968 of 2,081 four-engine citations (46.5%). Trade and specialist press made up 126 (6.1%).
08
1 of 12
On doctrine questions the engines rarely named a tracked outlet at all. For the Chevron doctrine, the Supreme Court's case selection and fair use, the most-named tracked source appeared in 1 of 12 answers.
09
1/288 (0.3%)
JD Supra was named in 1 of 288 four-engine answers. Its domain was cited in 0 of 249 grounded answers, and it appeared in 0 of 65 AI Overviews.
10
31.9%
Of 2,081 four-engine citations, company and brand sites supplied 664 (31.9%), official and government sites 342 (16.4%) and directories and rankings 272 (13.1%).
Appearance rate across 288 four-engine answers. The bar is the 95% confidence interval; overlapping bars cannot be told apart at this sample size.
Which names AI engines name
Justia
25.3%
Bloomberg Law
24.7%
Cornell LII
17.7%
Law.com
15.3%
Vault
13.2%
CourtListener
12.8%
Above the Law
11.5%
SCOTUSblog
10.8%
Chambers and Partners
9.7%
Lawfare
9.0%
Law360
7.3%
Volokh Conspiracy
4.9%
JD Supra
0.3%
| # | Name | Named in | Appearance rate | 95% interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Justia | 73/288 | 25.3% | 20.7–30.7% |
| 2 | Bloomberg Law | 71/288 | 24.7% | 20.0–29.9% |
| 3 | Cornell LII | 51/288 | 17.7% | 13.7–22.5% |
| 4 | Law.com | 44/288 | 15.3% | 11.6–19.9% |
| 5 | Vault | 38/288 | 13.2% | 9.8–17.6% |
| 6 | CourtListener | 37/288 | 12.8% | 9.5–17.2% |
| 7 | Above the Law | 33/288 | 11.5% | 8.3–15.7% |
| 8 | SCOTUSblog | 31/288 | 10.8% | 7.7–14.9% |
| 9 | Chambers and Partners | 28/288 | 9.7% | 6.8–13.7% |
| 10 | Lawfare | 26/288 | 9.0% | 6.2–12.9% |
| 11 | Law360 | 21/288 | 7.3% | 4.8–10.9% |
| 12 | Volokh Conspiracy | 14/288 | 4.9% | 2.9–8.0% |
| 13 | JD Supra | 1/288 | 0.3% | 0.1–1.9% |
The full list
Own-domain citation is the share of 249 grounded answers that cited the entity's own domains (subdomains included). Citation share is of all 2,081 citations.
| # | Name | Named in | Appearance rate | 95% interval | First mention | Own-domain citation | Citation share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Justia | 73/288 | 25.3% | 20.7–30.7% | 2.3 | 15.3% (38/249) | 2.1% |
| 2 | Bloomberg Law | 71/288 | 24.7% | 20–29.9% | 2.2 | 5.2% (13/249) | 0.6% |
| 3 | Cornell LII | 51/288 | 17.7% | 13.7–22.5% | 1.7 | 7.2% (18/249) | 1.1% |
| 4 | Law.com | 44/288 | 15.3% | 11.6–19.9% | 1.9 | 4.8% (12/249) | 1.4% |
| 5 | Vault | 38/288 | 13.2% | 9.8–17.6% | 1.3 | 14.9% (37/249) | 2.3% |
| 6 | CourtListener | 37/288 | 12.8% | 9.5–17.2% | 1.6 | 3.2% (8/249) | 0.5% |
| 7 | Above the Law | 33/288 | 11.5% | 8.3–15.7% | 2.1 | 9.2% (23/249) | 1.2% |
| 8 | SCOTUSblog | 31/288 | 10.8% | 7.7–14.9% | 1.7 | 3.6% (9/249) | 0.6% |
| 9 | Chambers and Partners | 28/288 | 9.7% | 6.8–13.7% | 2.1 | 9.2% (23/249) | 1.8% |
| 10 | Lawfare | 26/288 | 9% | 6.2–12.9% | 2.7 | 1.2% (3/249) | 0.1% |
| 11 | Law360 | 21/288 | 7.3% | 4.8–10.9% | 2.6 | 2.8% (7/249) | 0.8% |
| 12 | Volokh Conspiracy | 14/288 | 4.9% | 2.9–8% | 3.6 | 0.8% (2/249) | 0.1% |
| 13 | JD Supra | 1/288 | 0.3% | 0.1–1.9% | 5 | 0% (0/249) | 0% |
The top eight, side by side
| # | Name | Appearance rate | Answers and interval | Other measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Justia | 25.3% | 73/288 answers · 95% CI 20.7–30.7% | first-mention position: 2.3; owned-domain citation (38/249): 15.3%; citation share: 2.1% |
| 2 | Bloomberg Law | 24.7% | 71/288 answers · 95% CI 20–29.9% | first-mention position: 2.2; owned-domain citation (13/249): 5.2%; citation share: 0.6% |
| 3 | Cornell LII | 17.7% | 51/288 answers · 95% CI 13.7–22.5% | first-mention position: 1.7; owned-domain citation (18/249): 7.2%; citation share: 1.1% |
| 4 | Law.com | 15.3% | 44/288 answers · 95% CI 11.6–19.9% | first-mention position: 1.9; owned-domain citation (12/249): 4.8%; citation share: 1.4% |
| 5 | Vault | 13.2% | 38/288 answers · 95% CI 9.8–17.6% | first-mention position: 1.3; owned-domain citation (37/249): 14.9%; citation share: 2.3% |
| 6 | CourtListener | 12.8% | 37/288 answers · 95% CI 9.5–17.2% | first-mention position: 1.6; owned-domain citation (8/249): 3.2%; citation share: 0.5% |
| 7 | Above the Law | 11.5% | 33/288 answers · 95% CI 8.3–15.7% | first-mention position: 2.1; owned-domain citation (23/249): 9.2%; citation share: 1.2% |
| 8 | SCOTUSblog | 10.8% | 31/288 answers · 95% CI 7.7–14.9% | first-mention position: 1.7; owned-domain citation (9/249): 3.6%; citation share: 0.6% |
Each engine returned all 72 of its answers. ChatGPT, Gemini and Perplexity grounded every answer in web sources. Claude grounded 33 of 72. ChatGPT named Justia most (23/72, 31.9%), and so did Gemini (20/72, 27.8%). Claude named Bloomberg Law most (21/72, 29.2%). Perplexity named Justia and Bloomberg Law equally (15/72 each, 20.8%).
ChatGPT
72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded
Same questions, different answers
Justia
31.9%
Bloomberg Law
26.4%
Cornell LII
22.2%
Law.com
19.4%
Above the Law
13.9%
Chambers and Partners
13.9%
Claude
72 asked · 72 returned · 33 grounded
Bloomberg Law
29.2%
Justia
20.8%
Cornell LII
18.1%
Vault
12.5%
CourtListener
12.5%
SCOTUSblog
12.5%
Gemini
72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded
Justia
27.8%
Bloomberg Law
22.2%
Law.com
19.4%
Cornell LII
16.7%
Vault
15.3%
Above the Law
15.3%
Perplexity
72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded
Justia
20.8%
Bloomberg Law
20.8%
Cornell LII
13.9%
Vault
12.5%
CourtListener
12.5%
SCOTUSblog
12.5%
Google AI Overviews were captured through 72 U.S. desktop searches and scored only where an overview appeared, so five-engine figures use 288 + 65 = 353 answers.
The fifth engine
90%
Trigger rate: 65 of 72 searches
Google showed an AI Overview on 65 of 72 lookups (90.3%, CI 81.3–95.2%). Seven lookups had no overview and none failed. Inside the overviews, SCOTUSblog was the most-named tracked source at 14 of 65 (21.5%). Cornell LII followed at 12 of 65 (18.5%), then Justia at 11 of 65 (16.9%), with Bloomberg Law and Law.com at 9 of 65 each (13.8%). youtube.com was the most-cited overview domain, appearing in 13 of 65 overviews (20%), followed by uscourts.gov in 9 of 65 (13.8%). Institutions and trade bodies made up the largest share of overview citations, 62 citations (32.1%). Of 193 Google AI Overview citations, company and brand sites supplied 81 (42%), official and government sites 26 (13.5%) and institutions and trade bodies 25 (13%).
| Five-engine rank | Name | Five-engine rate | Four-engine rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Justia | 23.8% | 1 |
| 2 | Bloomberg Law | 22.7% | 2 |
| 3 | Cornell LII | 17.8% | 3 |
| 4 | Law.com | 15.0% | 4 |
| 5 | Vault | 12.7% | 5 |
| 6 | SCOTUSblog | 12.7% | 8 |
| 7 | CourtListener | 12.5% | 6 |
| 8 | Above the Law | 10.5% | 7 |
Who each question surfaces first
Six questions from the set. Each tile uses that question's own four-engine answers as the denominator.
| Question | Leader | Next | AI Overview |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q01 · 12 answers | Cornell LII 16.7% | Justia 8.3% | AI Overview shown on 1 of 3 searches |
| Q02 · 12 answers | Cornell LII 16.7% | Justia 8.3% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches |
| Q03 · 12 answers | Cornell LII 16.7% | Justia 16.7% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches |
| Q04 · 12 answers | Vault 100.0% | Chambers and Partners 75.0%; Bloomberg Law 41.7% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches |
| Q05 · 12 answers | Vault 100.0% | Law.com 66.7%; Chambers and Partners 50.0% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches |
| Q06 · 12 answers | Above the Law 41.7% | Law.com 16.7%; Bloomberg Law 16.7% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches |
The four engines produced 2,081 citations. Of 2,081 four-engine citations, company and brand sites supplied 664 (31.9%), official and government sites 342 (16.4%), directories and rankings 272 (13.1%), reference sites 229 (11%), trade and specialist press 203 (9.8%) and institutions and trade bodies 108 (5.2%).
Four AI engines · share of 249 grounded answers
Most-cited domains
en.wikipedia.org
24.9%
supremecourt.gov
9.6%
legacy.vault.com
9.6%
clio.com
9.6%
chambers.com
9.2%
abovethelaw.com
9.2%
uscourts.gov
8.8%
govinfo.gov
8.4%
law.com
4.8%
congress.gov
3.6%
Google AI Overviews · share of 65 overviews
youtube.com
20.0%
uscourts.gov
13.8%
scotusblog.com
7.7%
vault.com
6.2%
libguides.law.ucla.edu
6.2%
supremecourt.gov
4.6%
americanbar.org
4.6%
pew.org
4.6%
research.lib.buffalo.edu
4.6%
copyright.gov
4.6%
Citation share by source type
Share of all citations by the type of site cited. Source types were reclassified on October 29, 2026. 'Company / brand sites' now covers only the official sites of companies, brands and schools; publishers, directories, trade bodies and other sites have their own types, and sites that could not be placed are 'Other / unclassified'.
| Source type | Four AI engines (of 2,081 citations) | Google AI Overviews (of 193 citations) |
|---|---|---|
| Company / brand sites | 664 (31.9%) | 81 (42%) |
| Official / government | 342 (16.4%) | 26 (13.5%) |
| Directories / rankings | 272 (13.1%) | 11 (5.7%) |
| Reference | 229 (11%) | 5 (2.6%) |
| Trade / specialist press | 203 (9.8%) | 15 (7.8%) |
| Institutions / trade bodies | 108 (5.2%) | 25 (13%) |
| Research / data providers | 88 (4.2%) | 6 (3.1%) |
| General news / business press | 84 (4%) | 0 (0%) |
| Community / social | 55 (2.6%) | 23 (11.9%) |
| Review / comparison publishers | 33 (1.6%) | 1 (0.5%) |
| General news / sports media | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other / unclassified | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
How can names improve their AI visibility?
These steps follow from the measured results above. They describe what the engines cited in this study and are not a guarantee of results.
| Step | What this study measured |
|---|---|
| Put your facts on your own domain. | Justia's own domains were cited in 15.3% of grounded answers, Vault's in 14.9% and Chambers and Partners's in 9.2%. Vault was named in only 13.2% of answers, yet its own domains were cited in 14.9%. |
| Keep your facts accurate on the sites engines cite. | The most-cited sites other than the tracked names' own were en.wikipedia.org (in 24.9% of grounded answers), supremecourt.gov (9.6%), clio.com (9.6%), uscourts.gov (8.8%) and govinfo.gov (8.4%). Official and government supplied 16.4% of citations and directories and rankings 13.1%. |
| Check each engine separately. | ChatGPT named Justia in 31.9% of answers against 20.8% on Claude. Gemini named Above the Law in 15.3% of answers against 6.9% on Perplexity. |
| Do not ignore video and community sites. | Community and social sites supplied 11.9% of Google AI Overview citations against 2.6% in the four chat engines. youtube.com was cited in 20.0% of overviews. |
| Re-run the same questions every month. | Compare counts and intervals, not ranks. The 24 questions are in the appendix. |
Frequently asked questions
Which legal media source do AI engines mention most?
Justia and Bloomberg Law are tied. Justia appeared in 73 of 288 four-engine answers (25.3%, CI 20.7–30.7%) and Bloomberg Law in 71 of 288 (24.7%, CI 20–29.9%). Because the intervals overlap, the two cannot be ranked against each other.
Which source is usually named first?
Vault was named first in 29 of 288 answers, more than any other tracked source, with an average first position of 1.3. Cornell LII was named first in 27 of 288 and SCOTUSblog in 25 of 288.
How often do Google AI Overviews appear for legal media questions?
An overview appeared on 65 of 72 lookups (90.3%, CI 81.3–95.2%). SCOTUSblog was the most-named tracked source in those overviews, at 14 of 65 (21.5%).
Which websites do the engines cite most?
en.wikipedia.org was cited most, with 98 occurrences in 62 of 249 grounded answers (24.9%). It was followed by uscourts.gov (40 occurrences), chambers.com (38) and supremecourt.gov (34).
Do engines name legal outlets when explaining legal doctrine?
Rarely. For the Chevron doctrine, fair use and how the Supreme Court picks cases, the most-named tracked source appeared in 1 of 12 answers. Outlets were named far more often on directory and ranking questions. For example, Justia, Cornell LII and CourtListener each appeared in 12 of 12 answers about free legal research websites.
How does Claude differ from the other engines?
Claude grounded 33 of its 72 answers in web sources, while the other three engines grounded all 72. Claude also named Bloomberg Law most often (21/72, 29.2%). The other engines named Justia most, or tied it with Bloomberg Law.
How this study was measured
24 questions × 3 runs each × 4 AI engines = 288 answers + 72 Google searches · 65 AI Overviews
24 questions, each asked 3 times on each engine, measured October 26, 2026. Market: United States, English. The destination site was not mentioned to any engine. Entities count as named when they appear in the answer text or the extracted entity list; products, imprints and research arms roll up to their parent.
| Engine | Model IDs called | Asked | Returned | Grounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChatGPT | gpt-5-mini | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Claude | claude-sonnet-5-5 | 72 | 72 | 33 |
| Gemini | gemini-3.7-flash | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Perplexity | sonar-pro | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Google AI Overviews | DataForSEO Google SERP (live, advanced) | 72 | 65 shown | 65 |
Own-domain citations count a domain plus all its subdomains, with the same rule in every table.
Definitions
- Appearance rate: answers naming the entity ÷ answers returned, with Wilson 95% intervals.
- First mention: average order in which the entity first appears (1 = first).
- Own-domain citation: grounded answers citing the entity's domains ÷ grounded answers.
- Citation share: citations to the entity's domains ÷ all citations.
Limits
- Measured on one day, October 26, 2026. Answers came from each engine's API (model IDs above); the consumer apps can answer differently.
- The question set has 24 questions, with 12 four-engine answers and 3 Google lookups per question. Ten questions came from the original card and fourteen were added.
- Only 13 sources were tracked. Outlets such as Just Security, Patently-O and Reuters Legal were not measured.
- Claude grounded 33 of 72 answers, so own-domain citation rates use 249 grounded answers rather than 288.
- Some untracked names appear in more than one spelling (for example 'Meta Platforms, Inc.' and 'Meta Platforms, Inc'). Untracked-name counts are therefore approximate.
- Intervals treat each answer as independent, so they understate uncertainty for the 24 repeated questions.
Appendix: The 24 questions
Questions marked "Core question" are the original study questions, asked word for word. The others are added neutral questions.
| # | Question | Group | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | What does 42 U.S.C. 1983 cover? | Legal | Core question |
| 02 | What did the Supreme Court decide in Bostock v. Clayton County? | Legal | Core question |
| 03 | What is Section 230 and how has it been interpreted? | Legal | Core question |
| 04 | Which law firms are best for mergers and acquisitions? | Legal | Core question |
| 05 | How are law firms ranked? | Legal | Core question |
| 06 | Which law firms pay first-year associates the most? | Legal | Core question |
| 07 | What are the best sources for legal industry news? | Legal | Core question |
| 08 | How does patent claim construction work? | Legal | Core question |
| 09 | How do I find a court opinion online? | Legal | Core question |
| 10 | What are the best blogs about constitutional law? | Legal | Core question |
| 11 | What is the difference between federal and state courts? | Legal | Added question |
| 12 | How does the US Supreme Court decide which cases to hear? | Legal | Added question |
| 13 | Where can I find the text of federal statutes? | Legal | Added question |
| 14 | What is the Chevron doctrine and what happened to it? | Legal | Added question |
| 15 | Which law firms are the largest by revenue? | Legal | Added question |
| 16 | Where can I search federal court dockets? | Legal | Added question |
| 17 | What are the best podcasts about the law? | Legal | Added question |
| 18 | How do I look up whether a lawyer is licensed? | Legal | Added question |
| 19 | What is fair use under copyright law? | Legal | Added question |
| 20 | Which publications rank law schools? | Legal | Added question |
| 21 | How does the federal appeals process work? | Legal | Added question |
| 22 | What are the best sources for Supreme Court analysis? | Legal | Added question |
| 23 | Which law firms are known for intellectual property work? | Legal | Added question |
| 24 | What are the best free legal research websites? | Legal | Added question |
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