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RESEARCH

The Podcast Citation Effect: Wellness

Huberman Lab: 60/288 returned four-engine answers (20.8%; 95% interval 16.5–25.9%). Three or more leading intervals overlap; no sole leader is established.

288

AI answers analyzed across ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity

20.8%

of answers named Huberman Lab, the most-named (60 of 288)

16

tracked sources named at least once (of 17)

86.8%

of Google searches showed an AI Overview (59 of 68)

Version 2. This version replaces the first version of this study, first published June 18, 2026. It uses measured counts, so the two versions are not comparable. Version 2 asks 24 questions three times each on ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity (288 answers) and adds Google AI Overviews. Every rate comes with its count and a 95% interval.

What the data shows

01

Huberman Lab

Huberman Lab: 60/288 returned four-engine answers (20.8%; 95% interval 16.5–25.9%). Three or more leading intervals overlap; no sole leader is established.
02

32/288 (11.1%)

The Peter Attia Drive was the first source named in 32 of 288 answers, more than any other tracked source. Its average first position was 1.3. Huberman Lab was named first in 30 of 288.
03

54/285 (18.9%)

Healthline's own domains were cited in 54 of 285 grounded answers, more than any other tracked source. Huberman Lab followed at 12 of 285. 7 of 17 tracked sources had 0 of 285.
04

59/68 (86.8%)

Google AI Overviews appeared on 59 of 68 searches (CI 76.7–92.9%). On the other 9, no overview was shown.
05

12/59 (20.3%)

Huberman Lab was the source named most often in AI Overviews, at 12 of 59, followed by Mind Pump at 7 of 59 (11.9%). In the four-engine set, Huberman Lab was named in 60 of 288 answers (20.8%).
06

42/285 (14.7%)

podcasts.apple.com received the most citation links, 143 of 2,427 (5.9%), across 42 of 285 grounded answers (14.7%). healthline.com appeared in the most answers, 51 of 285 (17.9%).
07

0/12 (0.0%)

For 'What are the best supplements for longevity?', none of the tracked sources was named in any of 12 four-engine answers.

Appearance rate across 288 four-engine answers. The bar is the 95% confidence interval; overlapping bars cannot be told apart at this sample size.

Which sources AI engines name

Huberman Lab
20.8%
The Peter Attia Drive
15.6%
FoundMyFitness
15.3%
Mind Pump
7.3%
Women's Health
7.3%
Healthline
5.9%
The Doctor's Farmacy
5.2%
Men's Health
4.9%
Examine
4.2%
On Purpose
3.8%
The Model Health Show
3.1%
The Tim Ferriss Show
2.4%
The Diary of a CEO
1.4%
The Genius Life
1.0%
The Joe Rogan Experience
1.0%
#NameNamed inAppearance rate95% interval
1Huberman Lab60/28820.8%16.5–25.9%
2The Peter Attia Drive45/28815.6%11.9–20.3%
3FoundMyFitness44/28815.3%11.6–19.9%
4Mind Pump21/2887.3%4.8–10.9%
5Women's Health21/2887.3%4.8–10.9%
6Healthline17/2885.9%3.7–9.2%
7The Doctor's Farmacy15/2885.2%3.2–8.4%
8Men's Health14/2884.9%2.9–8.0%
9Examine12/2884.2%2.4–7.1%
10On Purpose11/2883.8%2.1–6.7%
11The Model Health Show9/2883.1%1.7–5.8%
12The Tim Ferriss Show7/2882.4%1.2–4.9%
13The Diary of a CEO4/2881.4%0.5–3.5%
14The Genius Life3/2881.0%0.4–3.0%
15The Joe Rogan Experience3/2881.0%0.4–3.0%

The full list

Own-domain citation is the share of 285 grounded answers that cited the tracked name's own domains (subdomains included). Citation share is of all 2,427 citations.

#BrandNamed inAppearance rate95% intervalFirst mentionOwn-domain citationCitation share
1Huberman Lab60/28820.8%16.5–25.9%1.64.2% (12/285)0.5%
2The Peter Attia Drive45/28815.6%11.9–20.3%1.33.2% (9/285)0.4%
3FoundMyFitness44/28815.3%11.6–19.9%2.52.1% (6/285)0.2%
4Mind Pump21/2887.3%4.8–10.9%2.30.7% (2/285)0.1%
5Women's Health21/2887.3%4.8–10.9%1.71.1% (3/285)0.2%
6Healthline17/2885.9%3.7–9.2%1.218.9% (54/285)3.1%
7The Doctor's Farmacy15/2885.2%3.2–8.4%3.90.7% (2/285)0.1%
8Men's Health14/2884.9%2.9–8%1.10.7% (2/285)0.1%
9Examine12/2884.2%2.4–7.1%12.8% (8/285)0.5%
10On Purpose11/2883.8%2.1–6.7%1.60% (0/285)0%
11The Model Health Show9/2883.1%1.7–5.8%3.91.1% (3/285)0.1%
12The Tim Ferriss Show7/2882.4%1.2–4.9%4.30% (0/285)0%
13The Diary of a CEO4/2881.4%0.5–3.5%40% (0/285)0%
14The Genius Life3/2881%0.4–3%40% (0/285)0%
15The Joe Rogan Experience3/2881%0.4–3%30% (0/285)0%
16The Rich Roll Podcast3/2881%0.4–3%4.70% (0/285)0%
17The Goop Podcast0/2880%0–1.3%–0% (0/285)0%

Separately ranked: Wellness brands

Appearance counts in 288 returned four-engine answers. Separate from the main ranking.

#NameNamed answersRate95% intervalNamed first
1Oura44/28815.3%11.6–19.9%39
2Thorne40/28813.9%10.4–18.4%34
3Headspace34/28811.8%8.6–16.0%19
4Whoop32/28811.1%8.0–15.3%8
5Calm25/2888.7%5.9–12.5%14
6Function Health23/2888.0%5.4–11.7%19
7InsideTracker21/2887.3%4.8–10.9%14
8Momentous19/2886.6%4.3–10.1%4
9AG112/2884.2%2.4–7.1%12
10Eight Sleep3/2881.0%0.4–3.0%2

Question group: Podcasts and sources

132 returned four-engine answers to this group's 11 questions. No pooled group leader is asserted.

#NameNamed answersRate95% intervalNamed first
1Huberman Lab60/13245.5%37.2–54.0%30
2The Peter Attia Drive45/13234.1%26.6–42.5%32
3FoundMyFitness44/13233.3%25.9–41.7%5
4Mind Pump21/13215.9%10.6–23.1%8
5Women's Health16/13212.1%7.6–18.8%3
6The Doctor's Farmacy15/13211.4%7.0–17.9%0
7Examine12/1329.1%5.3–15.2%12
8Men's Health12/1329.1%5.3–15.2%12
9On Purpose11/1328.3%4.7–14.3%4
10The Model Health Show9/1326.8%3.6–12.5%0
11Healthline7/1325.3%2.6–10.5%4
12The Tim Ferriss Show7/1325.3%2.6–10.5%0
13The Diary of a CEO4/1323.0%1.2–7.5%0
14The Genius Life3/1322.3%0.8–6.5%0
15The Joe Rogan Experience3/1322.3%0.8–6.5%0
16The Rich Roll Podcast3/1322.3%0.8–6.5%0
17The Goop Podcast0/1320.0%0.0–2.8%0

Question group: Product questions

156 returned four-engine answers to this group's 13 questions. No pooled group leader is asserted.

#NameNamed answersRate95% intervalNamed first
1Healthline10/1566.4%3.5–11.4%10
2Women's Health5/1563.2%1.4–7.3%5
3Men's Health2/1561.3%0.4–4.6%0
4Examine0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
5FoundMyFitness0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
6Huberman Lab0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
7Mind Pump0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
8On Purpose0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
9The Diary of a CEO0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
10The Doctor's Farmacy0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
11The Genius Life0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
12The Goop Podcast0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
13The Joe Rogan Experience0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
14The Model Health Show0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
15The Peter Attia Drive0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
16The Rich Roll Podcast0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0
17The Tim Ferriss Show0/1560.0%0.0–2.4%0

The top eight, side by side

#NameAppearance rateAnswers and intervalOther measures
1Huberman Lab20.8%60/288 answers · 95% CI 16.5–25.9%first-mention position: 1.6; owned-domain citation (12/285): 4.2%; citation share: 0.5%
2The Peter Attia Drive15.6%45/288 answers · 95% CI 11.9–20.3%first-mention position: 1.3; owned-domain citation (9/285): 3.2%; citation share: 0.4%
3FoundMyFitness15.3%44/288 answers · 95% CI 11.6–19.9%first-mention position: 2.5; owned-domain citation (6/285): 2.1%; citation share: 0.2%
4Mind Pump7.3%21/288 answers · 95% CI 4.8–10.9%first-mention position: 2.3; owned-domain citation (2/285): 0.7%; citation share: 0.1%
5Women's Health7.3%21/288 answers · 95% CI 4.8–10.9%first-mention position: 1.7; owned-domain citation (3/285): 1.1%; citation share: 0.2%
6Healthline5.9%17/288 answers · 95% CI 3.7–9.2%first-mention position: 1.2; owned-domain citation (54/285): 18.9%; citation share: 3.1%
7The Doctor's Farmacy5.2%15/288 answers · 95% CI 3.2–8.4%first-mention position: 3.9; owned-domain citation (2/285): 0.7%; citation share: 0.1%
8Men's Health4.9%14/288 answers · 95% CI 2.9–8%first-mention position: 1.1; owned-domain citation (2/285): 0.7%; citation share: 0.1%

The four engines named the leading names at similar rates.

ChatGPT

72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded

Same questions, different answers

Huberman Lab
22.2%
The Peter Attia Drive
18.1%
FoundMyFitness
18.1%
Mind Pump
6.9%
The Model Health Show
6.9%
Healthline
5.6%

Claude

72 asked · 72 returned · 69 grounded

Huberman Lab
22.2%
FoundMyFitness
22.2%
The Peter Attia Drive
16.7%
Mind Pump
8.3%
The Doctor's Farmacy
8.3%
Healthline
6.9%

Gemini

72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded

Huberman Lab
23.6%
The Peter Attia Drive
19.4%
FoundMyFitness
12.5%
Mind Pump
8.3%
Women's Health
8.3%
The Doctor's Farmacy
8.3%

Perplexity

72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded

Huberman Lab
15.3%
Women's Health
11.1%
The Peter Attia Drive
8.3%
FoundMyFitness
8.3%
Healthline
6.9%
Men's Health
6.9%

Google AI Overviews were captured through 68 U.S. desktop searches and scored only where an overview appeared, so five-engine figures use 288 + 59 = 347 answers.

The fifth engine

87%

Trigger rate: 59 of 68 searches

Google AI Overviews appeared on 59 of 68 searches (86.8%, CI 76.7–92.9%). The other 9 searches showed no overview. Within the 59 overviews, Huberman Lab was named in 12 (20.3%), Mind Pump was named in 7 (11.9%), The Peter Attia Drive was named in 6 (10.2%), On Purpose was named in 5 (8.5%). youtube.com was the most-cited source, with 35 citations and an appearance in 25 of 59 overviews.

Five-engine rankNameFive-engine rateFour-engine rank
1Huberman Lab20.7%1
2The Peter Attia Drive14.7%2
3FoundMyFitness13.5%3
4Mind Pump8.1%4
5Women's Health6.9%5
6The Doctor's Farmacy5.2%7
7Healthline4.9%6
8Men's Health4.9%8
9On Purpose4.6%10
10Examine3.7%9

Who each question surfaces first

Six questions from the set. Each tile uses that question's own four-engine answers as the denominator.

QuestionLeaderNextAI Overview
Q01 · 12 answersThe Peter Attia Drive 100.0%Huberman Lab 100.0%; FoundMyFitness 100.0%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches
Q02 · 12 answersHuberman Lab 100.0%The Peter Attia Drive 75.0%; FoundMyFitness 58.3%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches
Q03 · 12 answersHealthline 33.3%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches
Q06 · 12 answersWomen's Health 16.7%Men's Health 16.7%; Healthline 8.3%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches
Q07 · 12 answersHealthline 33.3%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches
Q08 · 12 answersHealthline 8.3%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 searches

The four engines produced 2,427 citations in total. podcasts.apple.com was cited most often, with 143 citations (5.9%) across 42 answers. Next came en.wikipedia.org (75), healthline.com (61), podcast.feedspot.com (52), millionpodcasts.com (45), forbes.com (41).

Four AI engines · share of 285 grounded answers

Most-cited domains

healthline.com
17.9%
podcasts.apple.com
14.7%
en.wikipedia.org
14.7%
forbes.com
11.2%
millionpodcasts.com
10.2%
sleepfoundation.org
9.8%
youtube.com
9.8%
podcast.feedspot.com
9.1%
apple.com
9.1%
everydayhealth.com
7.4%

Google AI Overviews · share of 59 overviews

youtube.com
42.4%
reddit.com
15.3%
facebook.com
10.2%
podcasts.apple.com
10.2%
open.spotify.com
8.5%
nytimes.com
6.8%
bscg.org
5.1%
drstavy.com
5.1%
drtimpearce.com
5.1%
elchemy.com
5.1%

Citation share by source type

Share of all citations by the type of site cited.

Source typeFour AI engines (of 2,427 citations)Google AI Overviews (of 162 citations)
Other / unclassified1,114 (45.9%)66 (40.7%)
Company / brand sites336 (13.8%)22 (13.6%)
General news / business press236 (9.7%)7 (4.3%)
Review / comparison publishers193 (8%)5 (3.1%)
Directories / rankings155 (6.4%)2 (1.2%)
Health publishers142 (5.9%)6 (3.7%)
Reference83 (3.4%)0 (0%)
Community / social78 (3.2%)50 (30.9%)
Official / government58 (2.4%)0 (0%)
Research / data providers13 (0.5%)0 (0%)
Institutions / trade bodies10 (0.4%)1 (0.6%)
Trade / specialist press9 (0.4%)3 (1.9%)

How can podcasts and outlets improve their AI visibility?

These steps follow from the measured results above. They describe what the engines cited in this study and are not a guarantee of results.

StepWhat this study measured
Put your facts on your own domain.Healthline's own domains were cited in 18.9% of grounded answers, Huberman Lab's in 4.2% and The Peter Attia Drive's in 3.2%. Healthline was named in only 5.9% of answers, yet its own domains were cited in 18.9%.
Keep your facts accurate on the sites engines cite.The most-cited sites other than the tracked names' own were podcasts.apple.com (in 14.7% of grounded answers), en.wikipedia.org (14.7%), forbes.com (11.2%), millionpodcasts.com (10.2%) and sleepfoundation.org (9.8%). General news and business press supplied 9.7% of citations and review and comparison publishers 8.0%.
Check each engine separately.Claude named FoundMyFitness in 22.2% of answers against 8.3% on Perplexity. Gemini named The Peter Attia Drive in 19.4% of answers against 8.3% on Perplexity.
Watch names outside the tracked list.ZOE Science & Nutrition (17 answers), Mayo Clinic (14 answers) and Shape (12 answers) were named often but were not tracked.
Re-run the same questions every month.Compare counts and intervals, not ranks. The 24 questions are in the appendix.

What AI answers

Which wellness podcasts and outlets appear in these AI answers?

Huberman Lab: 60/288 returned four-engine answers (20.8%; 95% interval 16.5–25.9%). Three or more leading intervals overlap; no sole leader is established.

Which tracked name is named first most often?

The Peter Attia Drive was the first source named in 32 of 288 answers, with an average first position of 1.3.

How often do Google AI Overviews appear for these questions?

An overview appeared on 59 of 68 searches (86.8%, CI 76.7–92.9%). Within those 59 overviews, Huberman Lab was named most often, in 12 (20.3%).

Which sources do the engines cite?

Across 2,427 four-engine citations, podcasts.apple.com was cited most (143 citations, in 42 of 285 grounded answers), followed by en.wikipedia.org (75 citations).

Do the four engines agree?

Largely. No tracked name differed by more than 12 points between engines.

How this study was measured

24 questions × 3 runs each × 4 AI engines = 288 answers + 68 Google searches · 59 AI Overviews

24 questions asked three times on each of ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity, measured November 6 to 7, 2026. United States, English; Google retrieval uses desktop results. Models: gpt-5-mini, claude-sonnet-5-5, gemini-3.6-flash only, sonar-pro. Google AI Overviews come from DataForSEO, not inferred chat answers. Appearance counts returned text, including ungrounded answers; citation rates use grounded answers. Longer overlapping names suppress shorter ones; First mention is the earliest eligible name order. Own-domain rates include declared domains and subdomains; shared parent scopes may count for multiple names and cannot be summed as unique citations.

EngineModel IDs calledAskedReturnedGrounded
ChatGPTgpt-5-mini727272
Claudeclaude-sonnet-5-5727269
Geminigemini-3.6-flash727272
Perplexitysonar-pro727272
Google AI OverviewsDataForSEO Google SERP (live, advanced)6859 shown59

Own-domain citations count a domain plus all its subdomains, with the same rule in every table.

Definitions

  • Appearance rate: answers naming the tracked name ÷ answers returned, with Wilson 95% intervals.
  • First mention: average order in which the tracked name first appears (1 = first).
  • Own-domain citation: grounded answers citing the tracked name's domains ÷ grounded answers.
  • Citation share: citations to the tracked name's domains ÷ all citations.

Limits

  • Only 17 tracked sources are ranked; results are not an exhaustive market ranking.
  • Only the tracked sources were scored. The untracked podcasts and outlets named most often were ZOE Science & Nutrition (17 answers), Mayo Clinic (14 answers) and Shape (12 answers); other product names were not counted.
  • 356 of 360 planned results were returned: 4 of 72 AI Overview lookups were excluded after three attempts because Google search retrieval failed or returned incomplete results. They are not counted as no-overview results.
  • 68 successful Google searches: 59 overviews shown; 9 without an overview. Failures are excluded, not scored as zero.
  • 3 chat answers had no search sources and are left out of the citation figures.
  • No Core question names a tracked name.
  • Source types use Company / brand sites only for verified official sites; other unresolved sites are Other / unclassified.
  • Wilson 95% intervals are descriptive; overlapping leading intervals do not establish a sole leader. Measurements do not endorse medical, legal, financial or product claims.
  • Podcasts and outlets are the main ranking; the ten wellness brands on the card are ranked in their own table. Shared domain: The Goop Podcast is path-scoped on goop.com. The index counts how often names appear and makes no medical or safety claim.
  • Google Shopping and unresolved google.com/goto links are excluded from cited sources; original URLs remain in the evidence.
  • Appearance rates use all returned four-engine answers; own-site citation rates use grounded answers, so the two are separate measures.
  • Answers were collected through each engine's API using the model IDs listed in the methodology. The consumer ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity apps can answer differently.

Appendix: The 24 questions

Questions marked "Core question" are the original study questions, asked word for word. The others are added neutral questions.

#QuestionGroupSource
01What are the best health and longevity podcasts?Podcasts and sourcesCore question
02Which podcasts give evidence-based advice on sleep and fitness?Podcasts and sourcesCore question
03What are the most trustworthy sources for health and wellness information?Podcasts and sourcesCore question
04What are the best supplements for longevity?Product questionsCore question
05Which wearable is best for tracking sleep and recovery?Product questionsCore question
06What are the best at-home blood testing services?Product questionsCore question
07What are the best greens powders?Product questionsCore question
08Which meditation apps are best for stress?Product questionsCore question
09Which podcasts interview longevity researchers?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
10Which podcasts cover nutrition science?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
11Which podcasts cover strength training and fitness?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
12Which wellness podcasts are most popular in the US?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
13Which podcasts discuss mental health and mindfulness?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
14Which websites review supplements based on research?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
15Which health magazines cover fitness and nutrition?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
16Which podcasts discuss metabolic health?Podcasts and sourcesAdded question
17Which supplement brands are third-party tested?Product questionsAdded question
18Which smart rings track sleep?Product questionsAdded question
19Which companies offer full-body health testing memberships?Product questionsAdded question
20What are the best products for improving sleep?Product questionsAdded question
21Which protein powder brands are most trusted?Product questionsAdded question
22Which fitness trackers measure heart rate variability?Product questionsAdded question
23Which apps help with sleep and relaxation?Product questionsAdded question
24Which electrolyte drinks are best for athletes?Product questionsAdded question

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